A.
PASSIVE VOICE
Ø Definition : Passive Voice (Sentences Passive) is the subject of
his sentences are served with a job. In other words, the subject of the
sentence is the target of the activity expressed by the verb.
Ø Formula :
1.
Simple
Present : Simple present is a verb form to state the facts, habits, or events
that occur at the present time.
Formula
:
Active : S + to be (is,am,are)
Passive
: S + to be + V3 (Past Participle)
Example :
Active : we don’t speak english here
Passive : english is not spoken here
2.
Simple Past
: Simple past is a simple form of the verb to indicate that an event occurred
in the past. In the simple past tense, future events (yesterday, last two days,
last year) or the period of time (for two months, for a day, for an hour) can
be specifically mentioned.
Formula
:
Active : S + to be (was,were) + V2
Passive : S+ to be + V3
Example :
Active : He didn’t reply my messages
Passive : my messages were not replied
3.
Present
Progressive : Present Progressive can also be called Present Continous is a
form of time used to express an action, state or event that was happening at
the time discussed.
Formula
:
Active
: S + to be (is,am,are) + V-ing
Passive : S + to be + being + V3
Example :
Active : The cat is tearing the new book.
Passive : The new book is being torn by the cat
4.
Past
Progressive : past progressive tense is a verb form that is used to indicate
that an action is happening at a particular time in the past. The action has
been initiated but not yet completed at the time.
Formula
:
Active : S + to be (was,were)+ V-ing
Passive : S + to be + NOT + being + V3
Example :
Active : she was watching a film
Passive : a film was being watched by her
5.
Present Perfect
: Present perfect is a verb form used to express an action or situation that
has started in the past and has been completed at a given point in time in the
past or still continues today.
Formula
:
Active : S + to be (has,have) + V3
Passive : S + to be + been + V3
Example :
Active : She has done her
work..
Passive : Her work has been done by her.
6.
Past Perfect
: Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an action has
been completed at some point in the past before another action occurs. Action
which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once.
Formula
:
Active : S + to be (had) + V3
Passive : S + to be + been + V3
Example :
Active : adhi had made coffee
Passive : coffee had been made by adhi
B.
CAUSATIVE
VERBS
·
Definition :
Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words,
when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do
not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the
sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced level English learners
should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive voice.
·
Formula :
1.
Make :
‘Make’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another
person to do something.
Formula
: Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of
Verb
Example : The manager makes her staff work hard
2.
Have :
‘Have’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something
to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about
various services. There are two forms of the causative verb ‘have’
Formula :
a.
Subject +
Have + Person + Base Form of Verb
b.
Subject +
Have + Object + Past Participle
Example :
a.
I had my brother
take that glass
b.
I had my jacket
cleaned yesterday
Note: This form is similar in meaning to the
passive.
3.
Get : ‘Get’
is used as a causative verb in a similar way as 'have' is used with the
participle. This expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done
for them. The causative verb is often used in a more idiomatic manner than
‘have’.
Formula
: Subject + Get + Person + Past
Participle
Example : I got my jacket cleaned
C.
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
·
Definition :
Relative Pronoun is a pronoun used to introduce a clause which explains
Adjective noun (noun ). The shape of the Relative Pronoun is : who, roomates,
Whom, Whose, and that.
·
Formula :
1.
Who : Has a
function as a “subject” that is used to describe Noun - people, and has the
meaning of ‘is’. Who referred to as the
subject pronoun ( such as the use of : I,
he, she , etc )
Example : The
person who called me last night is my best friend.
2.
Whom : Has a
function as an “object” that is used to describe noun - person, and has the
meaning of ‘is’. Whom is referred to as an object pronoun (such as the use of :
me, his, her, etc)
Example :
His girlfriend whom I met last night is on vacation.
3.
Which : Has
a function as “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – noun or
animal and has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example :
I forget most of the films which I see.
4.
Whose : Has
a function as “kepemilikan”, which is used to describe a noun – person. Whose
is used to indicate possession , Whose also have the same meaning like the use
of my, our, their, etc.
Example :
The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.
5.
That : Has a
function as a “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – person,
noun, and animal. Has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example
: This is the key that opens
the garage.
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